In this article we seek to attribute that to evaluate the effectiveness of government and political system, With reference to structural-functional systems theory to the theoretical framework. The main question in this article, is seeking for reliable indicators for the effectiveness of government from the perspective of political science. To answer this question, efficient capacities in the form of six capacities there for any government, will be discussed. Six potential monopoly of the legitimate use of force, extraction, shaping national identity, regulatory identity, maintaining internal and redistributive cohesion, in this article has been studied as indexes of government effectiveness. In this paper, our perception of efficiency can be considered as duties or common authorities in addition to great symmetry with economic understanding and management of this concept, linked with the key concept of "power" in political science. In this concept of efficiency, has been considered to the actual position of governments in countries and communities today, with an emphasis on the duties, powers and abilities as well as their expectations. This notion of efficiency, the closest and most functional conception of the concept of efficiency in political science which can be a reliable basis and theoretical framework for research on the effectiveness of the government.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

Application of regulators in production of pot plants have been increasing due to lowering growth, improving branching and the number of flowering branches. In order to study the effect of levels and application method of trinexapac-ethyl regulator on height control and morphophysiological characteristics and flowering of Zinnia elegans, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed. Zinnias seedlings were planted in polyethylene pots and subjected to trinexapac-ethyl with levels of zero, 2×10-3, 1×10-3, 0.5×10-3 and 4.5×10-4 g when the first bud emerged. Trinexapac-ethyl was applied in both foliar spray and soil application. According to the results, 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g trinexapac-ethyl caused significant reduction in plant height. As trinexapac-ethyl level increased, number of branches and flowers were increased accordingly most of which was under the latter treatment. Branch length and leaf number was not affected. The concentrations 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g increased chlorophyll and shoots sugars, but not on root. Similarly, soil application of Trinexapac-ethyl did not showed positive effects. In light of obtained results, foliar spray application of Trinexapac-ethyl may serve as a suitable way to produce dwarf and pot Zinnia elegans  ‘State fair mix’. Based on the obtained results, application of Trinexapac-ethyl as foliar application can control and reduce the height of the Zinnia elegans ‘State fair mix’.

Background: Chemical exposure is a major health problem globally. Poison control centers (PCCs) play a leading role both in developed and developing countries in the prevention and control of poisonous chemical exposures. In this study, we aimed to assess the current state of PCCs in Pakistan and highlight capacity building needs in these centers.Methods: A cross-sectional survey of the two registered PCCs was done during August – December 2011. Necessary services of the PCCs were evaluated and the data were recorded on a predesigned checklist.Results: Both PCCs are affiliated to a tertiary care hospital. Clinical services to poisoned patients were available 24 hours a day / 7 days a week. Information on common local products was available to poison center staff. Both centers were involved in undergraduate and post graduate teaching. Telephone poison information service was not available in either of centers. There was a limited capacity for qualitative and analytical toxicology. Common antidotes were available. There were limited surveillance activities to capture toxic risks existing in the community and also a deficiency was observed in chemical disaster planning.Conclusion: PCCs in Pakistan need capacity building for specialized training in toxicology, toxic ovigilance, chemical disaster planning, analytical laboratory tests and telephone service for consultation in poisoning cases.

Gaussian interference known at the transmitter can be fully canceled in a Gaussian communication channel employing dirty paper coding, as Costa shows, when interference is independent of the channel noise and when the channel input designed independently of the interference. In this paper, a new and general version of the Gaussian channel in presence of two-sided state information correlated to the channel input and noise is considered. Determining a general achievable rate for the channel and obtaining the capacity in a non-limiting case, we try to analyze and solve the Gaussian version of the Cover-Chiang theorem mathematically and information-theoretically. Our capacity theorem, while including all previous theorems as its special cases, explains situations that can not be analyzed by them; for example, the effect of the correlation between the side information and the channel input on the capacity of the channel that can not be analyzed with Costa’ s ― writing on dirty paper" theorem. Meanwhile, we try to exemplify the concept of ― cognition" of the transmitter or the receiver on a variable (here, the channel noise) with the information-theoretic concept of ― side information" correlated to that variable and known at the transmitter or at the receiver. According to our theorem, the channel capacity is an increasing function of the mutual information of the side information and the channel noise.

AbstractPurpose: The velocity of change in the surrounding world has forced them to identify those factors which impact their change capacity. The present study was conducted to identify and prioritize influential factors on organizational change capacity.Methodology: In terms of purpose, this was explorative and applied research. Its population included ten familiar experts with research subjects in a research and training center. By reviewing the literature on change capacity, relevant, influential factors were identified, and they were concurred by the fuzzy Delphi technique, and then they were ranked. After recognizing influential factors, a pair comparisons questionnaire was distributed among ten experts, and after gathering the questionnaires, effecting factors were ranked using the Expert Choice11 Software package and AHP technique.Findings: Results show that organizational culture, structure, and style of leadership were the main factors that impacted change capacity.Conclusion: The influential factors can be divided into three categories: environmental, content, and structural elements. Environmental factors include environment and innovation; content factors include team working, intellectual capital, leadership, political behavior, and human resource management; Structural elements include strategy, structure, organizational policies, information technology, knowledge management, and technology. Value: This is the first time in the literature that the influential variables affecting the change capacity were recognized and categorized in a conceptual classification that has not been seen in the previous research.

While the coronavirus policies of selected East Asian states (South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan) have been hailed by the world as one of the most successful models in the fight against the coronavirus, there have been differing views on the Iranian government's actions. The purpose of this paper is to compare these two types of policymaking from the perspective of the concept of " state capacity". The main question of the research is what is the impact of state capacity in Iran and selected East Asian countries in coronavirus policy? After reviewing various approaches and theories in the form of theoretical literature, Lindvall and Theorell model were selected as a criterion for evaluating these policies. According to the findings, the low level of state capacity of the Iranian government compared to the selected states of East Asia in terms of the use of policy instruments (coercion, incentives and propaganda) as well as the use of resources (revenue, human capital and information), led to achieve different policy outcomes in coronavirus policy. The method of this research is descriptive, analytical and comparative and the method of collecting data and information is documentary and library.

A research project on the deformation capacity of unreinforced masonry structures is underway at the Institute of Structural Engineering of ETH Zurich. The development of the basic building blocks for the displacement-based design of unreinforced masonry structures is the objective of the present research project, which should be seen as a first step in an initiative to investigate the limits of the deformation capacity of unreinforced masonry walls. This paper presents a summary review of previous experimental and analytical studies on the deformation capacity of unreinforced masonry walls subjected to in-plane loading. This review is the first phase of the aforementioned research program. A summary of 71 shear tests on unreinforced masonry walls is presented in the form of a database, along with the statistical analysis and discussion of the tests results. Furthermore, three different computational approaches for structural masonry, i.e. micromodelling, macro-modelling and macro-element discretization, are discussed, and a review of macro-elements for the in-plane response of unreinforced masonry walls is presented. The reviewed models are discussed and a set of conclusions is given. Special attention is devoted to the deformation capacity parameter throughout the paper. Finally, the paper shows the limitations of our current state of knowledge of the deformation capacity of structural masonry.